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Early Cinematic Origins
Herein is a comprehensive series of web articles/pages to survey the history of cinema (motion pictures, film, etc.), the greatest entertainment art form of the 20th century.
Innovations Necessary for the Advent of Cinema:
Optical toys, shadow shows, 'magic lanterns,' and visual tricks have existed for thousands of years. Many inventors, scientists, manufacturers and scientists have observed the visual phenomenon that a series of individual still pictures set into motion created the illusion of movement - a concept termed persistence of vision. A number of technologies and inventions related to motion and vision were developed in the early to late 19th century that were precursors to the birth of the motion picture industry:
[A very early version of a "magic lantern" was invented in the 17th century by Athanasius Kircher in Rome. It was a device with a lens that projected images from transparencies onto a screen, with a simple light source (such as a candle.]
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1824 - the invention of the Thaumatrope (the earliest version of an optical illusion toy that exploited the concept of "persistence of vision") by Dr. John Ayrton Paris
1831 - the discovery of the law of electromagnetic induction by English scientist Michael Faraday, a principle used in generating electricity and powering motors and other machines (including film equipment)
 1832 - the invention of the Fantascope (also called Phenakistiscope or "spindle viewer") by Belgian inventor Joseph Plateau, a device that simulated motion. A series or sequence of separate pictures depicting stages of an activity, such as juggling or dancing, were arranged around the perimeter or edges of a slotted disk. When the disk was placed before a mirror and spun or rotated, a spectator looking through the slots 'perceived' a moving picture.
1834 - the invention and patenting of another stroboscopic device adaptation, the Daedalum (renamed the Zoetrope in 1867 by American William Lincoln) by British inventor William George Horner. It was a hollow, rotating drum/cylinder with a crank, with a strip of photographs or illustrations on the interior surface and regularly spaced slits through which a spectator observed the 'moving' drawings.
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1839 - the birth of photography with the development of the first commercially-viable daguerreotype (a method of capturing still images on silvered, copper-metal plates) by French painter and inventor Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre
1841 - the patenting of calotype (or Talbotype, a process for printing negative photographs on high-quality paper) by British inventor William Henry Fox Talbot
1869 - the development of celluloid by John Wesley Hyatt, patented in 1870 and trademarked in 1873 - later used as the base for photographic film
1877 - the invention of the Praxinoscope by French inventor Charles Emile Reynaud - it was a 'projector' device with a mirrored drum that created the illusion of movement with picture strips, a refined version of the Zoetrope with mirrors at the center of the drum instead of slots; public demonstrations of the Praxinoscope were made by the early 1890s with screenings of 15 minute 'movies' at his Parisian Theatre Optique
1879 - Thomas Alva Edison's first public exhibition of an efficient incandescent light bulb, later used for film projectors
early 1880s - Belgian anatomy professor Joseph Plateau devised a Fanatoscope that made images appear to move
More information....
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Ratner adding crime caper to Columbia slate
By Liza Foreman
It's director Brett Ratner's turn in the development spotlight. Ratner, who last helmed 2002's "Red Dragon," has signed on to direct his second project in as many days for Columbia Pictures.
Ratner is reteaming with producer Michael De Luca, who oversaw the director's "Money Talks" and "Rush Hour" during his tenure at New Line Cinema. Ratner's newest project is known as the untitled Lisa Schrager pitch. Ratner will also produce through his Rat Entertainment shingle with Rat partner Jay Stern. Matt Tolmach and Andrea Giannetti are overseeing for the studio.
Schrager's tale revolves around a female crew operating in Miami's organized crime scene who come up with a plan to take down their boss and free the way to move up within the crime family.
Aug. 02, 2004
Shyamalan's 'Village' leads boxoffice
 Four new wide releases were thrown into an already crowded marketplace this weekend, but Buena Vista's "The Village," from director M. Night Shyamalan, blasted through the boxoffice gridlock to firmly establish itself in the top spot. "Village" generated an estimated $50.8 million, the second-biggest opening for Shyamalan after the $60.1 million debut of "Signs" in 2002. The opening of "Village" also ended a long drought for Buena Vista, marking the first time in more than a year that the distributor had a film in first place. The last time Buena Vista had a film in the top spot was July 2003 with "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl." In the battle for second place, Universal's "The Bourne Supremacy" just edged out Paramount's "The Manchurian Candidate," with an estimated $23.4 million, down 56% from its debut. With both films aiming at a similar demographic, "Bourne" was expected to take a hit this weekend. The Matt Damon starrer has taken an estimated $98 million in 10 days. "Candidate" debuted with enough votes to land in the third slot, collecting an estimated $20.2 million. The Denzel Washington starrer, from director Jonathan Demme, opened in the area expected heading into the frame. (Brian Fuson) FULL STORY.
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Top Box Office (08/01/04)
1. The Village
 Drama, Romance, Science Fiction/Fantasy and Thriller
2 hrs. 00 min. Set in rural Pennsylvania in 1897, this is the story of the small village of Covington (population 60) surrounded by a woods inhabited by a race of "mythical creatures," and the romance that blossoms between Kitty (Greer), the daughter of the town's leader (Hurt), and Lucius (Phoenix), a young man who questions the policy of keeping Covington's citizens completely confined to the village.
Release Date: July 30th, 2004 (wide).
MPAA Rating: PG-13 for a scene of violence and frightening situations.
Distributor: Touchstone Pictures
2. The Bourne Supremacy
Drama, Action/Adventure and Thriller
 1 hr. 48 min. 'The Bourne Supremacy' re-enters the shadowy world of expert assassin Jason Bourne (Matt Damon), who continues to find himself plagued by splintered nightmares from his former life. The stakes are now even higher for the agent as he coolly maneuvers through the dangerous waters of international espionage - replete with CIA plots, turncoat agents and ever-shifting covert alliances - all the while hoping to find the truth behind his haunted memories and answers to his own fragmented past.
Release Date: July 23rd, 2004 (wide).
MPAA Rating: PG-13 for violence and intense action, and for brief language.
Distributor: Universal Pictures
3. The Manchurian Candidate
Thriller
 2 hrs. 10 min. Captain Bennett Marco (Washington) and Sgt. Raymond Shaw (Schreiber) served together during the Persian Gulf War (the first one), and were part of a platoon of U.S. soldiers who were kidnapped by the enemy, and brainwashed to become pawns once they return home. Now, ten years later, Raymond Shaw is climbing the political ladder, as his mother's (Streep) new husband is a powerful senator helping a presidential candidate. Marco, however, is not dealing with the adjustment after the war as well, and eventually remembers being brainwashed. Knowing that it's just a matter of time before Shaw is called to service by his handler, Marco contacts Shaw to try to get through to him before something terrible happens...
Release Date: July 30th, 2004 (wide).
MPAA Rating: R for violence and some language.
Distributor: Paramount Pictures
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